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When discussing graphene, we must first point out the all-natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer "hold hands" and are closely connected, however the combination of carbon atoms in between different layers hangs, like a pile of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will glide apart.
From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to 3 various other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms form a regular hexagonal ring on the very same airplane, stretching to form a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is among the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel a solitary layer structure.
More than two decades ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there have to be a way to obtain a single layer of graphite.
Just how can a solitary layer of graphite be removed? Researchers took a very "straightforward and crude" technique - sticking it with tape.
"Much like when we write a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape." Based upon this, scientists frankly connect that if tape can adhere to the surface area of paper, can it likewise adhere to layers of graphite?
In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was split right into two. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still far from that of a single layer of graphite, scientists have actually verified the feasibility of this technique - each time the tape is used, the graphite comes to be thinner. By demanding using this "mechanical peeling approach" to duplicate the procedure, they finally obtained a slim sheet including only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this technique of repetitively exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing effectiveness and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the renovation of clinical and technological levels, the prep work technique of graphene has likewise made excellent progress. At present, along with this traditional physical and mechanical peeling approach, there are also lots of techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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